Robespierre and The Reign of Terror

After the death of Louis XVI in 1793, the Reign of Terror began. The first victim was Marie Antoinette. She had been imprisoned with her children after she was separated from Louis. First they took her son Louis Charles from her. He disappeared all of a sudden with out knowing where when or how. The guillotine, the new instrument of egalitarian justice, was put to work. Public executions were considered educational. Women were encouraged to sit and knit during trials and executions. The Revolutionary Tribunal ordered the execution of 2,400 ppl in Paris by July 1794. So manyy people died at least 30,000 people lost their lives..

The Terror was designed to fight the enemies of the revolution, to prevent counter-revolution from gaining ground. Most of the people rounded up were not aristocrats, but ordinary people. A man (and his family) might go to the guillotine for saying something critical of the revolutionary government. If an informer happened to overhear, that was all the tribunal needed. Watch Committees around the nation were encouraged to arrest "suspected persons, ... those who, either by their conduct or their relationships, by their remarks or by their writing, are shown to be partisans of tyranny and federalism and enemies of liberty". Civil liberties were suspended. The Convention ordered that "if material or moral proof exists, independently of the evidence of witnesses, the latter will not be heard, unless this formality should appear necessary, either to discover accomplices or for other important reasons concerning the public interest." The promises of the Declaration of the Rights of Man were forgotten. Terror was the order of the day. In the words of Maximilien Robespierre, "Softness to traitors will destroy us all."

The old maxim "the end justifies the means" describes Robespierre's policy well.

When Robespierre called for a new purge in 1794, he seemed to threaten the other members of the Committee of Public Safety. Robespierre was arrested and sent to the guillotine the next day, the last victim of the Reign of Terror.

The French Revolution

The French Revo is one of thee most important events in major historyy. It was more radical than either the english or American Revolutions, and had a far great impact o the 19th century Europe. The Unthinkable fall of the Bourbons resonated throughout Europe, sparking a series of revolutions which rallied behindd liberalism and nationalism. The major socialist revolutions of the 12th century in Russia, China and Cuba were inspired by the french's example. Before the revolution the French people were divided into 3 groups: the 1st estate consisted of the clergy, the second estate of the nobility and the third estate of the bourgeoisie, urban workers, and peasants. Legally the first two estates enjoyed many privileges, particularly exemption from most taxation.

The first estate, the clergy, consisted of rich and poor. There were very wealthy abbots, members of the aristocracy who lived in luxury off of wealthy church lands, and poor parish priests, who lived much like the peasants.

The second estate, the nobility, inherited their titles and their wealth came from the land. Some members of the nobility had little money, but had all the privileges of noble rank. However, most enjoyed both privileges and wealth.

The third estate, the common people, was by far the largest group of people in France. Everyone who was not a member of the first or second estates was a member of the third. It included the wealthy merchants whose wealth rivaled that of the nobility, the doctors and lawyers, the shopkeepers, the poor, and the peasants who worked the land. Obviously, a very low group.

John Locke and "The Enlightenment"

John Locke was born in the year 1632 and died in the year 1704, an English philosopher. Locke's services to his country and to the cause of civil and religious liberty, his famous because of the Essay Concerning Humane Understanding. His purpose was to inquire into the powers of the human understanding, In his views on government Locke was a disciple of Hobbes, but he was not slavish in his discipleship. He believed with Hobbes that government is the result of an original contract, but the state of nature preceding the establishment of government he did not believe to be a state of war. Society is a meaning of better enjoyment of natural rights. When the people enforce their will against the government, there is no rebellion. They are acting within their rights. In ethics he was a hedonist. Good and bad are still equal to pleasure and pain or their causes. It's good because they told them there punishment with pain for disobedience if they really deserved it. The law-imposing authority may be divine or human.

Copernicus and the trial of Galileo

_Copernicus and the Trail of galileo
Galileo Galilei born in the year 1564 he was a scientist from Italy scientist who formulated the basic law of falling objects , which he verified by careful measurements. Galileo Galilie was also the one and only, first human to see Jupiter and many of the stars in our solar system with his own eyes. Galileo was famouse because he inventened the telescope. He's the one who opened the door to modern astronomy. He spent half his life just by expermienting. Galilio researched the stars for over 20 years before he told anyone if he was right or wrongg , and without a doubt, that the earth moves around the sun inside our solar system. His dedication to the study of the planets and his determination to stand behind what he believed in is a reminder that beliefs are only as strnge as those who believe in them and the truth will set us free. The catholic chruch of course didn't believe him because they thought it was bad that he was trying to prove them wrong. Galileo Galilie died in the year 1642.

Scientific Revolution: The Scientific Method

Back in the old days people got answers to their questions in several ways. One way was actually by the scientific method, you ask your self a question you want to know. First you would have to research all the information that you can about your topic, the next step is to guess, and what would you think, this is known as the hypothesis. In order to show that your hypothesis was right or wrong you have to experiment. You should write out a procedure, a procedure is like showing things step by step. Materials you need could also be listed when i say step by step i mean the steps of the experiment than can be followed out clearly. When you are done writing out your experiment, you need to do it to see and test you hypothesis. Experiments are done to gather data. It is very that you follow your procedure, make good observations while doing the experiment, and keep records or charts to help you out. Another part of the scientific method are the results. Results are showing what happened after performing the experiment.

An example of the scientific method is like asking something like " Can a plant grow with out sunlight? " I would gather information about plants and their relationship with the sunlight. Now I have to think about what would happened if one plant didn't have sunlight and the other did. My educated guess would be that a plant cannot grow without sunlight because sunlight is where most plant's and trees get energy, to make food in order to survive. I gather my materials ( 2 seed plants, the sun and a dark place) I write what I'm going to do step by step with these materials, then preform my experiment. When days or even weeks pass I can make a chart which one is growing or if they both are. I see that one plant did not grow (the one with no sunlight) and that the other one did (the one with sunlight.) So therefor I saw that my hypothesis was correct.

Evolution vs. Creation

Creation is basically about people who believe that Earth-humans, animals, and the whole universe were all created by God. There's a book that explains most creations, the book is called The Bible, in the book of Genesis it shows how the universe was created, which most people believe in. In every religion there is a God-or a higher power-people who are so religious may not really believe in science. There are some proofs about creation but hard to believe.
The concepts of Evolution is also a theory believed by scientists. It is believed that scientists don't believe in such a higher power or a religion, they can be considered atheist or agnostic. All scientific ideas have evidence like fossils, stones, foot prints, etc. Evolution is an idea of humans evolving from primates (monkeys) and than into cave men. Humans evolved from a common ancestor. Humans have evolved back then and since then, we are still evolving.
In my opinion, I thought about it and I don't know which one to believe in because its hard to choose. Evolution and Creation both have it's evidence.

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